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Opening Prayer of the First Continental Congress, September 1774

American Heretics and Heroes

Who gets to decide who’s been the most faithful to the country’s creeds?
Nicole Penn /
A vintage engraving features a moment of prayer in the first session of the Continental Congress on September 5, 1774. (Image via Getty Images)

In his seminal 1989 book The Democratization of American Christianity, historian Nathan Hatch posited that the forces of democratization and religious disestablishment unleashed by the American Revolution galvanized an unprecedented outpouring of spiritual enthusiasm. By untethering government and religion, the American Founders created a marketplace of faiths that proved powerfully adept at channeling Americans’ religious longings.

Nicole Penn is assistant director for social, cultural, and constitutional studies at the American Enterprise Institute. She is also a doctoral student in American history at George Mason University.

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